Introduction: Mapping Florida in the Eighteenth Century
The mid-eighteenth century marked a pivotal moment in the history of Florida. By 1764 (P.S. 2307), the territory had recently transitioned from Spanish to British control following the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which ended the Seven Years’ War. Cartography became a critical tool for understanding, administering, and exploiting the region, offering European powers detailed knowledge of rivers, coasts, settlements, and indigenous territories.
One of the most significant artifacts from this era is John de Solis’ 1764 map of Florida, a meticulously crafted representation of the territory. This map not only reflects the geographic knowledge of the time but also reveals the strategic, economic, and cultural priorities of the British administration.
This article explores the historical context, features, significance, and legacy of de Solis’ map, situating it within the broader narrative of Florida’s colonial transformation.
Historical Context: Florida Before and After 1763
To appreciate de Solis’ map, it is essential to understand Florida’s historical backdrop.
Spanish Florida
Prior to 1763, Florida was a Spanish colony for more than 150 years. Spanish explorers, missionaries, and settlers established forts, missions, and settlements along the coasts and rivers. Maps produced during the Spanish period were often functional for administration, navigation, and missionary activity, emphasizing rivers, forts, and native settlements.
The Spanish influence included:
- St. Augustine, the oldest European settlement in North America, serving as the administrative capital.
- Fortifications such as Castillo de San Marcos, designed to protect against rival European powers.
- Relations with indigenous groups, including the Timucua, Apalachee, and Seminole peoples.
British Florida
The Treaty of Paris (1763) ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for Havana, Cuba. Florida was divided into East Florida and West Florida, each with its own administration. British priorities differed from the Spanish:
- Economic exploitation became central, with an emphasis on agriculture, trade, and settlement.
- Surveying and mapping were essential for managing land grants, roads, and new settlements.
- Strategic knowledge of coasts, rivers, and inland areas was critical for defense and commerce.
It was in this transitional moment that John de Solis undertook his mapping project. shutdown123